Church of Vera Cruz

La Iglesia de Vera Cruz

Method of Transportation: Walking
Transportation Time: Approximately 20 Minutes
Hours:
     April - September 10:30-1:30, 4:00-7:00
     October - March 10:30-1:30, 4:00-6:00
     Closed Mondays
Cost:
     $2.74/€2.00
     Free Tuesday Afternoons

The Church of the Vera Cruz, or the Iglesia de la Vera Cruz, is one of the oldest churches in Segovia. It was built starting in 1208 by the Caballeros de la Orden del Santo Sepulcro, or the Knights of the Order of the Holy Sepulcher, which is sometimes also attributed to the Knights Templar[1]. It is known for its unusual size as the church is built as a twelve sided polygon, differing from the other churches in Segovia. As one of the “best-preserved of its kind in Europe,” the Church of the Vera Cruz is noted for its historic importance[2].

Entrance

The design of the Church of the Vera Cruz is important to its structure. Built in a Romanesque style, the church has three individual chapels, a two story temple, and a bell tower that was added in the sixteenth century[3]. With Muslim inspired paintings and architecture, the Church of the Vera Cruz has a very “sober and exciting” interior[4]. There is also a stone alter that is decorated with interlaced arches supported by twisted columns in the center of the church[5]. The architecture alone makes the church unique, as well as its distinct structure.  

Unique Architecture 

The church has not only undergone structural changes over the centuries, but has also changed ownership reflective of the different times. After the dissolution the original order that had constructed the church, the Church of the Vera Cruz was given to the Orden de San Juan de Jerusalén, or the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, in 1317; the original order dissolved due to lack of leadership and eventual papal annulment[6]. In 1489, the ownership of the church was officially changed to the Orden de San Juan, or the Order of St. John, by Pope Innocent VIII, but the change did not occur until 1531[7]. The Church of the Vera Cruz remained under the Order of St. John until it was abandoned in 1836[8]. Eighty-three years later in 1919, King Alfonso XIII declared the Church of the Vera Cruz a national monument, but it was not in use until 1951[9]. Currently, the chapter of San Juan Baustista is in charge of the church under the Asamblea Española, or Spanish Assembly[10].

View of the Alcázar

Visible from the Alcázar, the Church of the Vera Cruz is fairly accessible by walking and car. The view from the church also gives a panoramic view of the city near the Alcázar, as well as the surrounding countryside. The church has undergone many structural and ownership changes over the centuries, but still remains as one of the best preserved of its kind. One of the more distinctive churches in Segovia, the Church of the Vera Cruz is also known for its history and design.

Works Cited

“Iglesia de la Vera Cruz.” turismodesegovia.com. Turismo de Segovia, 2014. http://www.turismodesegovia.com/que-ver/monumentos/iglesias-y-monasterios#siete. (accessed February 23, 2014).

“IGLESIA DE LA VERA CRUZ (Segovia).” ordendemalta.es. Orden de Malta, 2014. http://www.ordendemalta.es/story.php?id=446. (accessed February 23, 2014).

 “Vera Cruz Church.” spain.info. Sociedad Estatal para la Gestión de la Innovación y las Tecnologías Turísticas, 2014. http://www.spain.info/en/que-quieres/arte/monumentos/segovia/iglesia_de_la_vera_cruz.html. (accessed February 23, 2014).

  

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[1] “Iglesia de la Vera Cruz,” turismodesegovia.com. Turismo de Segovia, 2014, http://www.turismodesegovia.com/que-ver/monumentos/iglesias-y-monasterios#siete (accessed February 23, 2014).

[2] “Vera Cruz Church,” spain.info. Sociedad Estatal para la Gestión de la Innovación y las Tecnologías Turísticas, 2014, http://www.spain.info/en/que-quieres/arte/monumentos/segovia/iglesia_de_la_vera_cruz.html (accessed February 23, 2014).

[3] “IGLESIA DE LA VERA CRUZ (Segovia),” ordendemalta.es. Orden de Malta, 2014, http://www.ordendemalta.es/story.php?id=446 (accessed February 23, 2014).

[4] “Iglesia de la Vera Cruz,” turismodesegovia.com. Turismo de Segovia, 2014.

[5] “IGLESIA DE LA VERA CRUZ (Segovia),” ordendemalta.es. Orden de Malta, 2014.

[6] Ibid.

[7] Ibid.

[8] Ibid.

[9] Ibid.

[10] Ibid.

Alcázar of Segovia

View of the Alcázar

Method of Transportation: Walking

Transportation Time: Approximately 12 Minutes

Hours: 

     April - September 10 a.m. - 7 p.m.

     October - March 10 a.m. - 6 p.m.

Cost: 

     General $6.85/€5.00

     Reduced $4.11/€3.00 (65 and older, groups, and students)

The Alcázar of Segovia is the main castle in Segovia. Located near the Museum of Segovia and the Cathedral, the Alcázar was built starting in the twelfth century by the Muslims during Muslim occupation in Spain and was later changed and used by many Castilian monarchs[1]. Known for its architecture, institutional and political significance, and its symbolism, the Alcázar has remained an important part of Segovia’s past and present.

Entrance

Over the years, the Alcázar has held many important events. On December 13, 1474 Isabel I was crowned queen of Castilla in Segovia and lived at the Alcázar[2]. In 1570, Felipe II married Ana of Austria, his fourth wife, at the Alcázar of Segovia and made many changes to the Alcázar during his stay[3]. Not only used as a castle, the Alcázar was used as a prison for two centuries as well[4]. In 1762, King Carlos the third founded the Real Colegio de Artillería, or the artillery college, that was housed in the Alcázar until 1862[5]. In 1862 there was a fire that destroyed part of the Alcázar that was not rebuilt until 1882 and was not fully completed until 1896[6]. In 1898 the Archivo General Militar was created and in 1951 the Patronato del Alcázar took over the conservation of the Alcázar[7].

Sala de Reyes

The Alcázar has many different rooms and halls. In the main entrance is the Sala del Palacio Viejo, which is the older part of the Alcázar that dates back to King Alfonso X[8]. It contains many suits of armor from different parts of Segovia’s history. The next part of the Alcázar is the the Sala de la Chimenea, which was the main receiving room of the Alcázar and also the room that contains the only fireplace in the castle, dating back to the sixteenth century[9]. The next room is the Sala del Solio, which is also the throne room; following the Sala del Solio is the Sala de la Galera, which was constructed in 1412 by Queen Catalina of Lancaster[10]. The Alcázar also contains a church area, as well as the Sala de Reyes and the Museo del Real Colegio de Artillería. The Sala de Reyes has replicas and pays tribute to the monarchs of Asturias, Castilla, and León and was created by Felipe II[11]. Both the Sala de Armas and the Museo del Real Colegio de Artillería contain the history of the different arms used throughout the centuries of the Alcázar’s use[12]. The Museo del Real Colegio de Artillería also details the history of the Real Colegio de Artillería that was originally located in the Alcázar.

Sala del Palacio Viejo Suit of Armor

The Alcázar of Segovia is overall one of the notable places to visit in Segovia. Easily accessible, it contains the history of not only the castle, but the history of Segovia and the changes of the times it underwent. Preserving the history of Segovia, the Alcázar of Segovia remains a monument to its past and continues to the present.

Works Cited

“Brochure,” “El Alcázar.” Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia (2014).

“Historia,” alcazardesegovia.com, Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia, 2014, http://www.alcazardesegovia.com/historia-alcazar-de-segovia (accessed February 14, 2014). 

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[1] Brochure, “El Alcázar,” Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia (2014).

[2] “Historia,” alcazardesegovia.com, Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia, 2014, http://www.alcazardesegovia.com/historia-alcazar-de-segovia (accessed February 14, 2014).

[3] Brochure

[4] Ibid.

[5] Ibid.

[6] Ibid.

[7] Ibid.

[8] “Historia,” alcazardesegovia.com, Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia, 2014.

[9] “Brochure,” “El Alcázar,” Patronato del Alcázar de Segovia (2014).

[10] Ibid.

[11] Ibid.

[12] Ibid.

Museum of Segovia

Museo de Segovia

Method of Transportation: Walking

Transportation Time: Approximately 6 Minutes

Hours:

     Tuesday - Saturday: 

       October - June 10 a.m. - 2 p.m., 4 p.m. - 7 p.m.

       July - September 10 a.m. - 2 p.m., 5 p.m. - 8 p.m.

     Sunday: 10 a.m. - 2 p.m. 

Cost:

     $1.64/€1.20

     Free on Saturday and Sunday

The Museum of Segovia is located near the Alcázar and Cathedral of Segovia. Initially the Providential Museum of Fine Arts, established in 1842, the Museum of Segovia tells and preserves the history of Segovia from the beginning of its establishment to the twentieth century[1]. Primarily in Spanish, the museum does have introductory sections in English and brochures in multiple languages. Originally used to preserve artifacts that were confiscated church property, the museum's artifacts were stored in in the bishop’s palace and later moved to the church of Saint Facundo, the public library, the palace of Henry IV, and ended in the House of the Nobleman, or the Casa del Hidalgo[2]. The Casa del Sol, the current location of the museum, was given by the Council of Segovia to Segovia to use as a museum[3]. Although first used as a slaughterhouse during the reign of Henry IV, the Casa del Sol has undergone many renovations to become the museum it is today[4].

Entrance to the Museum

The first part of the museum has a detailed overview over the early history of Segovia. There is a short video in Spanish that explains the geographic features and formation of Segovia before the archaeological exhibits. The artifacts are owned by the state and are maintained by the Autonomous Community of Castilla and León and are divided into separate sections of geology, prehistoric and high Middle Ages, Romans and the aqueduct, and Visigoth period artifacts[5]. This is then followed by the Islamic, Roman, Gothic, and Mudejar cultural objects and history.

Early Artifacts

The next section of the museum deals primarily with the 15^th to 17^th centuries of Segovia history. From hydraulic energy to fabric making to art, there are many important key aspects of history that reflect the time periods. One notable artifact is the altarpiece from the Church of Santa Columba, which was once located near the aqueduct that depicts the biblical story of Jesus[6].

A Section of the Altarpiece

The end of the museum contains the history of the 19^th century through 20^th century. There are fabric making and sawmill examples, followed by ceramics and clothing examples. The Museum of Segovia also has special temporary exhibits as well. These are used to display the museum’s collections that are in storage[7]. The goal of the Museum of Segovia is the “conservation, research, and teaching” the history of Segovia and to preserve its artifacts[8]. It tells the history of Segovia, as well as preserving the past for the future.

Works Cited

Brochure, “’Casa del Sol’ Museo de Segovia.” Turismo de Segovia (2014).

“Museo de Segovia.” turismodesegovia.com. Turismo de Segovia, 2014. http://www.turismodesegovia.com/es/que-ver/museos/1012-museo-de-segovia. (accessed 14 February 2014).

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[1] “Museo de Segovia,” turismodesegovia.com. Turismo de Segovia, 2014, http://www.turismodesegovia.com/es/que-ver/museos/1012-museo-de-segovia (accessed 14 February 2014).

[2] Brochure, “’Casa del Sol’ Museo de Segovia,” Turismo de Segovia (2014).

[3] Ibid.

[4] Ibid.

[5] Ibid.

[6] Ibid.

[7] Ibid.

[8] Ibid.

The Escorial and the Valley of the Fallen

View of the Escorial

View of the "Valle de los Caídos," Valley of the Fallen

Method of Transportation: Bus to and from El Escorial Bus Station in Madrid or Tour

Transportation Time: Approximately 2 Hours (Round Trip)

Hours: 

     Valley of the Fallen Monument

       October - March 10 a.m. - 6 p.m.

       April - September 10 a.m. - 7 p.m.

     Monastery and Palace: 

       October - March 10 a.m. - 6 p.m.

       April - September 10 a.m. - 8 p.m.

     Gardens of the Friars:

       October - March 10 a.m. - 6 p.m. (Closed Mondays)

       April - September 10 a.m. - 7 p.m. (Closed Mondays)

     Park House of Prince Carlos: 

       October - March 10 a.m. - 6 p.m. (Closed Mondays)

       April - September 10 a.m. - 8 p.m. (Closed Mondays)

     House of Prince Carlos: 

       October - March 10 a.m. - 6 p.m. (Closed Mondays)

       April - September 10 a.m. - 8 p.m. (Closed Mondays)

     Gardens of the House of the Prince: 

       October - March 10 a.m. - 6 p.m. (Closed Mondays)

       April - September 10 a.m. - 7 p.m. (Closed Mondays)

     House of the Infant Gabriel: 

       October - March 10 a.m. - 6 p.m. (Closed Mondays)

       April - September 10 a.m. - 8 p.m. (Closed Mondays)

     House Gardens of the Infant Gabriel: 

       October - March 10 a.m. - 6 p.m. (Closed Mondays)

       April - September 10 a.m. - 7 p.m. (Closed Mondays)

Cost: 

     Transportation: $21.89/€16.10

     Entrance Fee Escorial: 

       General $13.48/€10.00

       Reduced $6.74/€5.00 (65 and older, students under 25, schools, and E.U. members)

     Entrance Fee Valley of the Fallen: 

       General $12.23/€9.00

       Reduced $5.44/€4 (65 and older, students under 25, schools, and E.U. members)

     Tour Fee (Includes Entrance and Transportation to Both from Madrid): $74.77/€55.00

     Total Cost: 

       General $47.60/€35.10 

       Reduced $34.07/€25.10

       Tour $96.66/€71.10

The Escorial is a 16^th century palace outside of Madrid and is one of the most prominent buildings of Spain. Built by Philip II beginning in 1563, the Escorial contains a church (1582), monastery (1584), royal palace (1584), college (1584), and library (1592)[1]. The addition of the Royal Pantheon, a chapel containing the bones of Spanish monarchs, was added during the seventeenth century by Philip IV[2]. Today, the religious Order of Saint Augustine is responsible for taking care of the monastery and holds masses for the souls of the deceased monarchs buried there[3]. The architecture of the building is based off a grill-like pattern to commemorate Saint Lorenzo, who was martyred on a grill and is the patron saint of the building[4].

Basilica Entrance

A United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization World Heritage Site since 1984, the Escorial contains many sixteenth and seventeenth century features[5]. At the basilica entrance there are six statues representing Old Testament biblical kings and at the main entrance stands a statue of Saint Lorenzo; these monuments allude to the inner “unornamented classicism” of the Escorial[6]. Many Spanish and Italian artists were commissioned to decorate the Escorial, among them including Pellegrino Tibaldi, Federico Zuccaro, El Greco, Luca Giordano, and Claudio Coello[7]. Philip II housed hundreds of relics in the Escorial, as he spent much of his time at the end of his life at the Escorial and the library contains close to 45,000 documents from the 15th and 16th centuries[8].  The Escorial is still home to many Renaissance and baroque style paintings and tapestries, as well as countless other artifacts and art.

Valley of the Fallen Monument

Also located in Madrid is the Valley of the Fallen. The Valle de los Caídos, or the Valley of the Fallen, was built between 1940 and 1958 and holds the tallest cross in the world at four hundred and ninety two feet[9]. At the base of the cross are statues of Saints Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John[10]. Construction of the monument was ordered by dictator General Francisco Franco to commemorate those that had died on both sides of the Spanish Civil War. The Spanish Civil War was a culmination of political instability and was fought from 1936 to 1939; it is estimated that there were over 500,000 deaths[11] The main sides were nationalist (led by Franco) and republican (led by the Spanish government), ultimately ending with nationalist victory and Franco's dictatorship from 1939 to 1975[12]. The Valley of the Fallen stands as a reflection of this time. 

The Cross

The resting place of Franco, José Antonio Primo de Rivera, and approximately forty thousand Nationalist and Republican soldiers, the Valley of the Fallen also contains a church[13].  The main entrance to the church contains eight sculptures that commemorate those that died during the war, followed by sculptures of the four archangels surrounding the four corners of the church[14]. Both the tombs of Francisco Franco and José Antonio Primo de Rivera are on display on opposite sides of the center crucifix. 

View Facing the Valley of the Fallen

Both of historical significance, the Escorial and the Valley of the Fallen stand as tributes to Spain’s history. The Escorial serves as a reminder of Spanish influences throughout its centuries of use and preserves many Spanish artifacts. While very controversial, the Valley of the Fallen is a reminder of what occurred during the Spanish Civil War of the 1930’s and commemorates the war’s impact on the Spanish people.  While photos are not permitted inside either location, both remain a testament to Spanish history and culture.

Works Cited

“About El Escorial.” El-Escorial.com. El Escorial, 2014. http://www.el-escorial.com/. (accessed February 6, 2014).

“El Valle de Los Caídos.” valledeloscaidos.es. Abadía de la Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos, 2010. http://www.valledeloscaidos.es/vive/planifica. (accessed February 6, 2014).

“Monastery and Site of the Escurial, Madrid,” unesco.org. UNESCO, 2014. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/318. (accessed February 6, 2014).
"ROYAL MONASTERY OF SAN LORENZO DE EL ESCORIAL," spain.info.  Sociedad Estatal para la Gestión de la Innovación y las Tecnologías Turísticas, 2014, http://www.spain.info/en/que-quieres/arte/monumentos/madrid/real_monasterio_de_san_lorenzo_de_el_escorial.html (accessed February 6, 2014). 
"San Lorenzo del Escorial." tripadvisor.com. TripAdvisor LLC., 2014. http://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g562659-c180221/San-Lorenzo-De-El-Escorial:Spain:Escolania.Del.Escorial.html. (accessed February 6, 2014). 

"Spanish Civil War." schoolnet.co.uk. Spartacus Educational, 2014. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WARspain.htm. (accessed February 6, 2014).

“Valley of the Fallen, The.” feelmadrid.com. FeelMadrid, 2011. http://www.feelmadrid.com/valleyofthefallen.html. (accessed February 6, 2014).

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[1] “About El Escorial,” El-Escorial.com. El Escorial, 2014, http://www.el-escorial.com/ (accessed February 6, 2014).

[2] Ibid.
[3] "San Lorenzo del Escorial," tripadvisor.com. TripAdvisor LLC., 2014, http://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g562659-c180221/San-Lorenzo-De-El-Escorial:Spain:Escolania.Del.Escorial.html (accessed February 6, 2014). 

[4] “About El Escorial,” El-Escorial.com. El Escorial, 2014.

[5] “Monastery and Site of the Escurial, Madrid,” unesco.org. UNESCO, 2014, http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/318 (accessed February 6, 2014).

[6] “About El Escorial,” El-Escorial.com. El Escorial, 2014.

[7] Ibid.
[8] "ROYAL MONASTERY OF SAN LORENZO DE EL ESCORIAL," spain.info.  Sociedad Estatal para la Gestión de la Innovación y las Tecnologías Turísticas, 2014, http://www.spain.info/en/que-quieres/arte/monumentos/madrid/real_monasterio_de_san_lorenzo_de_el_escorial.html (accessed February 6, 2014). 

[9] “The Valley of the Fallen,” feelmadrid.com. FeelMadrid, 2011, http://www.feelmadrid.com/valleyofthefallen.html (accessed February 6, 2014).
[10] Ibid.
[11] "Spanish Civil War," schoolnet.co.uk. Spartacus Educational, 2014, http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WARspain.htm (accessed February 6, 2014).

[12] Ibid.

[13] “The Valley of the Fallen,” feelmadrid.com. FeelMadrid, 2011.

[14] “El Valle de Los Caídos,” valledeloscaidos.es. Abadía de la Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos, 2010, http://www.valledeloscaidos.es/vive/planifica (accessed February 6, 2014). 

Toledo

View of Toledo

Method of Transportation: 

     To Toledo:     

        Bus from Segovia to Madrid

        Metro between bus stations in Madrid to Plaza Elíptica Station

        Bus from Madrid to Toledo

     To Segovia:

        Bus from Toledo to Madrid

        Metro between bus stations in Madrid to Príncipe Pío Station

        Bus from Madrid to Segovia 

Transportation Time: Approximately 4 Hours Round-Trip 

Cost:

     Transportation: $41.32/€30.65

     Train Tour of the city: $6.88/€5.10

     Hostel: $17.53/€13.00 - One Night

     Total: $65.73/€48.75

Toledo is one of Spain's many historic cities. With over two thousand years of history, Toledo is known for being a “melting pot” of Spain’s many different cultures and has been a United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization World Heritage Site since 1986[1]. With Roman, Visigoth, Islamic, Jewish, and Christian influences, Toledo has many different buildings and structures that are reflective of the different cultures[2].

View from the City

Both early Roman and Visigoth history is reflected in Toledo. Toledo became a part of the Roman Empire in 197 B.C. with aqueduct, sewer, and early circus ruins still remaining[3]. During and after the decline of the Roman Empire, Visigoths became the dominate power in Spain and throughout the Iberian Peninsula from the fifth to seventh centuries[4]. Originating from East Germanic tribes, the Visigoths used Toledo as a center point of their kingdom that extended throughout the Iberian Peninsula and modern day France[5]. Today, Toledo holds the ruins of Visigoth structures and has many excavated artifacts from Visigoth control[6].

Toledo

Toledo is known for its coexistence of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Known as the “city of three cultures,” Toledo has many different structures and monuments that reflect this heritage. Islamic monuments such as the Puerta Vieja de Bisagra, translated old Bisagra gate, still remain in the city[7]. The Puerta Vieja de Bisagra was used during the ninth century Muslim occupation as the main entrance to the city and is the only part of the wall still erect[8]. Another monument still standing is the Jewish El Transito Synagogue. A fourteenth century synagogue, El Transito Synagogue was used inside the Jewish quarter of Toledo until it was converted into a Christian church and monastery in the late fifteenth century[9]. In 1877 it was declared a national monument and became the National Museum of Judeo-Spanish Art in 1970, under the Spanish Ministry of Education and Culture[10]. The Catholic cathedral, La Santa Iglesia Catedral, is another reminder of Christian influence in Toledo.

Cathedral

One of the most famous structures in Toledo is the Alcázar, which illustrates the different cultures of the city. The highest point of the city, the Alcázar was originally used by the Romans as a palace[11]. It was later reconstructed by Christian monarchs during the medieval, renaissance, and baroque periods[12]. Surviving fires in 1170, 1867, and 1882, the Alcázar was destroyed at the end of the Spanish Civil War but was rebuilt to house army offices and a museum[13].

The City of Three Cultures

Overall, Toledo has a multicultural heritage and is known for its history and monuments. From the train tour, one can listen to the history of the city along with the sites, as well as visit a panoramic view of the city. Easily accessible from Madrid, Toledo has a mixture of different cultures that reflects Spain’s past.

Works Cited

  “El Transito Synagogue in Toledo, Spain.” bh.org.il. NADAV Foundation, 2012. http://www.bh.org.il/database-article.aspx?48725. (accessed February 1, 2014).

“Historic City of Toledo.” unesco.org. UNESCO, 2014. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/379. (accessed February 1, 2014).

“Puerta De Alfonso VI Gate.” spain.info. Sociedad Estatal para la Gestión de la Innovación y las Tecnologías Turísticas, 2013. http://www.spain.info/en_US/que-quieres/arte/monumentos/toledo/puerta_vieja_de_bisagra.html. (accessed February 1, 2014).

“Toledo (Spain).” romanaqueducts.info. arenillas2009, 2012. http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/toledo/index.html. (accesses February 1, 2014).

“Toledo History.” go-toledo.com. GoToledo, 2014. http://www.go-toledo.com/history/. (accessed February 1, 2014).  

  “Visigoths.” themiddleages.net. TheMiddleAges.net, 2013. http://www.themiddleages.net/visigoths.html. (accessed February 1, 2014).

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[1] “Toledo History,” go-toledo.com. GoToledo, 2014, http://www.go-toledo.com/history/ (accessed February 1, 2014).  

[2] “Historic City of Toledo,” unesco.org. UNESCO, 2014, http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/379 (accessed February 1, 2014).

[3] Ibid., “Toledo (Spain),” romanaqueducts.info. arenillas2009, 2012, http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/toledo/index.html (accesses February 1, 2014).

[4] “Visigoths,” themiddleages.net, TheMiddleAges.net, 2013, http://www.themiddleages.net/visigoths.html (accessed February 1, 2014).

[5] Ibid.

[6] “Historic City of Toledo,” unesco.org. UNESCO, 2014.

[7] Ibid.

[8] “Puerta De Alfonso VI Gate,” spain.info. Sociedad Estatal para la Gestión de la Innovación y las Tecnologías Turísticas, 2013, http://www.spain.info/en_US/que-quieres/arte/monumentos/toledo/puerta_vieja_de_bisagra.html (accessed February 1, 2014).

[9] “El Transito Synagogue in Toledo, Spain,” bh.org.il. NADAV Foundation, 2012, http://www.bh.org.il/database-article.aspx?48725 (accessed February 1, 2014).

[10] Ibid.

[11] “Historic City of Toledo,” unesco.org. UNESCO, 2014.

[12] Ibid.

[13] Ibid.